Termination of Partnership

In all the four forms of partnership stated under, the partners has the right to terminate the contract by giving due notice to the other partners. Partnership is also terminated on the death of a partner. However, if the descendants of the deceased wish to continue as partner in the business, they can renew the contract.

Dissolution of Partnership Firm

Dissolution of a partnership firm is different from the dissolution of a partnership. When one partner dies, retires, adjudged bankrupt but the remaining partners decide to carry on the business of the firm, the partnership ends but the firm is not dissolved. Dissolution of a firm takes place when all the partners cease to carry on the business and the business of the firm is closed. The assets are realized to pay the liabilities of the firm.

Dissolution of Partnership

Partnership may be dissolved without dissolving the firm. For example, there are four partners in a firm. If one of them die, retires or adjudged insolvent, the partnership would come to an end. But it the partner have agreed that the death, insolvency, retirement, if a partner would not dissolve the firm then on the happening of any such event the firm can be reconstituted.  It can carry on its business under the same name. We, therefore, conclude by saying that dissolution of partnership may or may not comprise the disbanding of firm. But the dissolution of the firm includes dissolution of partnership.

Dissolution of a firm

Dissolution of a firm means the end of contractual relationship between all the partners. If there is disbanding of partnership among all the partners of firm, it is a case of ending of a firm. Here all the members cease to carry on the business. One close of the business, the assets or liabilities is settled as per agreement.

Mode of Dissolution of a firm

According to the partnership act, the break up or dissolution of firm can take palace in various ways. They are placed under three heads.

1.      Dissolution by agreement

2.      Compulsory Dissolution

3.      Dissolution by the Court

Dissolution by Agreement

A firm may be close with the approval of all the partners or in agreement with the contract already made between the partners.

Compulsory Dissolution

The main grounds of compulsory dissolution of a firm are as under:

Insolvency: A firm is dissolved by the insolvency of all the partners or of all the partners but one as insolvent.

Business happening unlawful: the firm is dissolved by the occurrence of any affair which makes the business of the firm illegal.

Contingent Dissolution: subject to contract between the partners, a firm is dissolved.

Expiry of the term: On the expiry of the term for which it was constituted.

Completion of Partner venture: On the completion of particular venture for which it was formed.

Death of a partner by the death of a partner

Insolvent:  By the adjudication of a partner as an insolvent.

Dissolution by the Court

If a partner files a suit in the court, it may dissolve a firm on any of the following grounds:

1.      A partner has become of unsound mind.

2.      A partner permanently becoming incapable of performing his duties

3.      A partner found guilty of misconduct in the affairs of business.

4.      A partner willfully or persistently commits breach of agreement in matters relating to business.

5.      A partner without the consent of other partners has transferred hole of interest to third party.

6.      Where the business of the firm cannot be carried except at a loss

7.      On any other grounds which the firm finds it just and equitable.

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Disadvantages of Partnership

The partnership form of organization suffers from certain disadvantages also. These in brief are as follows.

Unlimited Liability

One of the critical defects of partnership is that the partners are individually and mutually answerable for all the debts of the firm. In case, the business suffers losses and the business assets are not adequate to satisfy the claimants, the personal properly of one or more than one partners can be sold under the court order for the clearance of the debts of the business. The rich and wealthy persons, therefore, avoid enlisting in partnership.         

Limited life of Firm

The period of the partnership is always unsure. If any partner dies, wounded, withdraw, sells his interest, or a new partner is admitted into the business, the old partnership may come to an end. There are every potential of the dissolution of the firm due to internal differences.

Frozen Investment

It is very easy for a partner to invest money but it is most difficult to withdraw the funds from the business. A person who desires to withdraw investment has to consult his partners, find a replacement with equal business capability. Unless the above condition is fulfilled, the funds remain difficult to transfer and as such remain a frozen investment which creates lack of interest.

Disputes among the Partners

The partners should be liked minded, have a common objective, be large hearted, have a cool character, should not unnecessarily cause friction and confusion among the partners. The choosing of partner is in fact like choosing a wife.  Marry in haste and repent in leisure. In case of dispute among the partners, quick action should be taken by all the partners for the remedial measures.

Lack of legal Rules

The partnership has not been able to take large scale enterprises due to ineffective legal rules and regulations.

Possibility of misuse of Resources

It is known to each and every partner that the resources of the firm are owned jointly. There can and does arise the misuse of resources by a partner /partners.

Loss of Business Opportunities

A delay may take place in decision making due to the differences among the partners. So this can cause loss to the firm.

Divided Control

In partnership, the organization ‘works is divided among the partners according to their capacity, variety and taste. Divided control and responsibility sometimes creates misunderstanding and delay in decisions making. The lack of effectiveness on the part of one partner can upset the entire structure of the business and ultimately lead to dissolution of the business.

Lack of Permanence

The life of Partnership is least permanent. The death, dispute or withdrawal of partner makes its life uncertain.

Lack of Public Confidence

Partnership form of organization may not have public confidence due to lack of advertising and lack of regulation.

Risk and implied Authority

In partnership form of organization, each partner binds other partner by his act done on behalf of the firm. Thus the other partners may have to pay for the follies and dishonesty of a fellow partner.

Levels of Leadership

Leadership is key components of any organization. Without leader organization could not formulate and implemented his strategies.Leadership influence the other people they are worked in the organization.Leadership can be group into three levels:

Top Level of Leadership 

Macro planning is done by the top level leadership. Some procedure are sued while formulating any policy and planning at the Top level Management. Basic criterion of this level is future programming and planning of the organization. The leaders of this level are think tank that meditates about mega projects, financial management, staff requirement, coordination and control the organization system and communication problems.

Middle Level of Leadership 

The  leadership  of  this  level  make implementation  on  the  pre-planned  policies  from  the  top  level  leadership. This level of leadership is liable to inspect the salary system, convince their subordinates, held meetings and spread to judge the quality and control of the organization. They make daily wise result according to which they implement their decision.

Lower / Supervisory Level 

At lower level management section officers, superintendents, assistants, clerks, teachers and staff members are playing their role as leader. They formulate routine wise policy for the workers about their daily work. It is formulated to check the competency, performance capability and functioning of organization.  All three things depend on the compassion and collaboration of leaders and workers. At high level;  problems  are  high  and  at  lower  level,  problems  are  also  lower.  In  other  words,  if we  move  from  lower  to  top  level,  problems  arise,  difficulties  come  in  front  and fluctuation evolve in the process of leading and supervisor becomes weak at some extent. All the above three levels are the basic infrastructure of any organization.

Current trend in Leadership

The current trends in leadership are transactional leadership, charismatic Leadership and transformational leadership.These leadership style are discussed as under.

Transactional Leadership 

The  political  scientist  and  historian  James  Macgregor  Burns  (1978)  developed  a term  of  transactional  leadership  to  describe  an  approach  in  which  managers  motivate employees  to  perform  as  expected  by  clarifying  task  requirements  and  by  providing rewards  in  exchange  for  employee  efforts  towards  achieving  the  goals.  The  reciprocal mutual exchange of work for pay and other exchanges that takes place occur throughout whole  time  to  the  organization  help  all  organization  members  satisfied  about  working together toward attaining everyday goals.    Transactional  leadership  can  be  more  effective  in  the  environment  of  everyday management, where the focus is on maintaining current organizational performance or on dealing  with  well  –  structural  problems.  When managers apply transactional leadership, they are staying on course toward established goals by handling routine tasks efficiently and effectively.

Charismatic Leadership 

Max Weber, a sociologist, was the first person to discuss charismatic leadership. He  defined  charisma  from  the  Greek  for  “gift”  as  a  certain  quality  of  an  individual personality,  by  virtue  of  which  he  is  set  apart  from  ordinary  people  and  treated  as endowed  with  supernatural,  superhuman  or  at  least  specifically  exceptional  powers  or qualities.  These  are  not  accessible  to  the  ordinary  person,  but  are  regarded  as  of  divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of these the individual concerned is treated as a leader.  Weber  argued  that  charismatic  leadership  was  one  of  several  ideal  types  of authority.
Robert House was the first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of organization behavior. According to House’s charismatic leadership theory, followers make  attributions  of  heroic  or  extraordinary  leadership  abilities  when  they  observe certain behaviors.

Transformational Leadership 


In  transformational  leadership  the  leaders  motivate  their  followers  to  increase their  own  benefits  for  the  betterment  of  the  organization  and  they  effect  deeply  and surprising  on  their  followers.  They focus on the coming damages and follower’s individual needs. They help the followers to solve their problems and try to change their mind from the issues. They have cap ability to awake, motivate and encourage followers to work hard and to achieve the group goals.  Transformational leaders guide and co-operate their followers to become innovative and creative. They work according to the goals.  The  followers  of  transformational  leaders  try  to  achieve the  desired  goals  of  the organization and believe that the goals they are trying to achieve are important for them. Transformational  leaders  have  some  common  characteristics;  sincerity,  develop  the organization  as a family, develop personal relationships, encourage social relationships serve as a role model, collective approach, innovation, and team work.

Basic Leadership Skills

There are three basic levels of expertise required for educational leader:

Technical Skill 

Ability to use knowledge, methods, techniques, and equipment, necessary for the performance of specific tasks, acquired from experience, education and training. 

Human Skill

Ability  and  judgment  in  working  with  and  through  people,  including  an understanding of motivation and an application of effective leadership.

Conceptual Skill 

Ability to understand the complexities of the overall organization and where one’s own operation fits into the organization. There are five Major skills required for efficient educational manager:

Major Skills for Efficient Educational Manager

There are five Major skills required for efficient educational manager:

Morale

It consists on following major values for school head in the efficient management of a school:  Commitment, Cooperation, Punctuality, Patience, Watchfulness, Integrity and Fairness.

Since of Judgment
Sense of judgment is necessary for situation requiring.  Three skills given below need to be exercised by an effective school head, Decision making, Conflict Resolution and Supervisory Skills.

Occupational Knowledge

The  skills  have  been  identified  for  a  school  head  such  as:  Current  policies,  rule, regulations,  and  financial  management  teaching  methodologies.  Institutional  planning information seeking / providing staff relations and Community involvement.

Technical Knowledge

A  school  head  should  have  a  high  proficiency  in  matters  of  financial  matters, administration, record maintenance, and leadership.

Manipulative Skills


Manipulation  taken  in  a  healthy  sense  is  a  critical  skill  involving  interplay  of skills in different residence, a sense of judgment, exercising of moral values together in a way  that  ultimately  it  is  the  individual  person  with  a  competent  professional  behaviour whom act appropriately to gradually raise his own school.

Leadership Behaviour

Leadership  is  an  important  criteria  for  maintenance  and  improvement  of  the quality of staff and the organization. As it is the critical factor for allocating and targeting roles and facilities in order to achieve the goals. Leadership has attracted the attention of sociologist, social psychologist and political scientists in various contexts. No unanimity is,  however,  found  on  the  precise  meaning  of  the  term  among  the  different  social scientists.

Without  a  good  leader  the  staff  and  organization  cannot  be  developed. Functionally speaking, leadership is to induce or persuade  all subordinates or followers, to  contribute  with  cheerful  readiness  or  organizational  goals  as  warranted  by  their capabilities. Leadership is in fact the rare ability to inspire. Leadership acts as a backbone within the system of an organization because it is the basic criteria for the balance and betterment of the quality of an organization. It has got the attention of various sociologists, psychologists and politicians toward itself. They look  upon  this  term  with  various  directions  and  there  is  no  agreement  on  the  accurate meaning of this term. The sociologists must have to study it deeply and also have become conversant with its exposed and dormant realities.  But  they  understand  it  very  complex and  difficult  term  that  is  why  these  are  not  agrees  to  know  about  the  concept  of leadership.


Leadership inspires the others to do their jobs in order to achieve goals. So a good Leader runs an organization in a sensible way and behaves rationally with his subordinates to get maximum output.

Purposes of Abstract Writing

An abstract has specific, importance in research activities so, it is a purposeful description:

These are main purposes of abstract writing.

Screening Documents

The major aim of abstract is to provide key information of a longer paper to the reader in short time. An abstract gives a chance to the readers for getting information about the paper or any other document. It gives knowledge about main topic, objectives, procedure, results, conclusions and recommendations. Abstract creates ability to understand the document.  Abstract is an alternative of a paper and contains key points of a paper. A reader reads every important thing of paper in his first reading.

 Indexing Information


The other major aim of abstract writing is to give important data base and knowledge to investigators, library staff and individuals of management group. Every information section gets help from abstracts for preparing their index system. Investigators of every field, use key words with in internet to get related information. Some times, abstracts save a lot of time and labor in selecting to the point database for research function. A researcher selects easily the topic or area of his own choice with the help of abstract and indexes.

Leadership Qualities of School Head / Leader

An  educational  system  empowers  the  head  teacher  to  administrate  school  level institution.  At  that  level,  disciplinary  system  is  very  difficult,  unusual  and  unreasonable.  He  can  play  his  role  not  only  in-side  of  the  institution  but  also  outside  of academy. He can create awareness among the people of community about the strength of education.  Moreover,  he  can  also  convince  his  pupil,  teacher  and  parents  about  the importance  of  education.  School  head  is  also  liable  to  take  some  suggestion  from  staff members,  student  and  parents  for  the  betterment  of  school.  He can also share some important issues with them to manage the school in a very best way.  In  order to do this process  more  effectively,  he  can  establish  school  management  committees  and  parent  – teachers associations.

A leader should be some qualities which are as under:

Honest

A good leader always keeps in mind that honesty is the best policy. So, he always remains sincere and perfidious with his work.

Competent 

He exerts all his exertions to his work.  All his exertions are based on the reasoning and ethics. He expresses all his compassion to achieve the goal. He makes and takes all his decisions wisely not emotionally.

Forward looking 

He  thinks  over  the  future  and  sort  out  best  way  to  secure  the  future  of organization.  He  finds  the  clear  and  straight  route  to  get  long  lasting  success.  For this purpose, he examines the things carefully and takes start from initial stage.

Inspiring 

A  good  leader  always  has  high  mentality,  physically  strong  and  owning  the spiritual  values.  He  expresses  all  his  expressions  in  such  a  manner  that  impresses  the others.

Intelligent  

He  just  looks  upon  the  things  and  very  quickly  known  about  the  reality  of  that thing. His perception power is very high. He just read, study and picks it up. He always wants to face challenges in order to learn something.

Fair Minded 

His brain is clear and transparent from all the calamities.  He always adopts the rule of fraternity, justice and brotherhood with the other people.

Broad minded 

He looks the things in a very broad sense.  His thinking is not limited.  He envisages the matters from all the directions.

Courageous 

He faces the hurdles courageously, and achieves the goal at all coasts. In time of distress, his face expressions remain unchanged. He confidently faces the challenges.

Straightforward 

He makes correct decision at correct time and does not care any of its aftermaths.

Imaginative 


His conceivability’s is very high.  He makes some amendments with the passage of time.  It  shows  his  create  ability  and  innovative  thinking  to  get  goal  to  reach  at destination.

Function of Management Process

According  to  the  my point  of  view  a good  planners  and  managers  in  an organization  such function kept in mind to control and manage the organization. Management process can be briefly described as follows:

Planning 

In order to enhance the process of management, to minimize the intermixing and to drop the extraordinary things, plans are made. This planning is done by keeping views ideas, policies, methodology, aims and proper guidance in mind.  And this way leads towards the destination.

Organizing 

After formulation of strategies, ideas, planning, aims, purposes and objectives, there are organized in a specific manner. This step of organizing the things involves the participation of all members in the form of coordinated efforts.

Staffing 

Through this step, eligible persons are selected for each job.  On  the  basis,  of qualifications,  experience,  competency  conceivably  and  his  foresight  staffing  is  done. Staffing functions, compensation (salaries and allowances / leave bonuses) transfers, resignations, retirement, terminations, pensions are major elements that are kept in mind while staffing.

Directing 

Through motivation and proper guidance, it is possible to get maximum outcomes from employees.

Leading

Behind  a  good  management  process,  there  is  the  hand  of  good  leader.  A  lot  of  books have been written on the leadership, models are prepared for leaderships, so many theories  are  on  the  topic  of  leadership,  so  much  processes  and  techniques  focus  the leadership process but our concern with leadership is just for communication process as an interpersonal influence in the management process to get long lasting goals.

Problem solving 

It is specialty of a good manager to cope with the difficulties, to grapple with the  problem  and  to  solve  all  the  puzzles  within  no  time  in  a  management  process.  In  early times, problems are solved through following steps, things are recognized first, then their analysis  is  done,  all  the  fact  and  figure  are  collected,  hypothetically  solutions  are researched  out,  among  these  solutions  most  appropriate  solution  was  applied.  But according  to  modern  concept,  problem  solving  has  a  close  relationship  with  conflicts management,  with  the  development  of  an  organization  and  making  and  taking  of  any decision.

Motivating 


The most important step in the management process is motivation.  Without motivation, process of management will not be so effective. The motivation can be given through various ways like by threading someone. This type of motivation is known to as fear motivation. Sometimes motivation is through the use of incentives.

Coordinating 

At  the  place  of  management  problems  arise  due  to  the  fictionalization  and separation of labor. So it is responsibility of upper management to resolve the problems by collaboration and interests of each person that is the member of organization. Through this step, the future of organization can be secured. Because, by unity and coordination, organization can bear fruit and will be very close to the destination.

Innovating 

According  to  latest  style  of  world,  due  to  the  rapid  process  in  science  and technology,  due  to  excess  of  resources  and  conditions,  the  management  also  demands versatility.  It  requires  new  method  of  jobbing,  handling  of  staff,  getting  more  and  more salaries  and  improving  the  performances.  All these things are functions of treat ability and innovations.

Controlling 

This factor basically compares the results obtained before planning in the past and after the planning. It acts as a standard to measures the parlance obtained after planning. Sometime,  the  management  function  also  has  some  decision  making  communication, coordination, human relations leadership and problem solving.

 Budgeting 

It is major source to put all the struggles of organization into their proctor. This budgeting is done on the basis of past performances of organization and future aspects by judging the various factors sensibly. Moreover, planning coordination and controlling are major goals of budgeting.

Decision making

Decision  making  is  necessary  step  during  all  process  of  management  that  is mostly  done  by  managers.  Different people have given different views about decision making.  There are different classes about this decision making process.  Actually,  this process  involves  following  main  steps;  to  identify  the  problems,  to  give  the  exact  idea about that problem, to sort out various possible and solutions of that problem, select the most favorable solution, apply the stetted solution    While performing the process of decision making, decisions must be effective and should target the exact point.

Human Relations 

This factor signaling towards the important point workers and colleagues must be treated as human not as animals.  Moral values, ethics, relationships and aspirations are kept in mind during this process of management.

Reporting / Communication

Communication plays a central role during management process.  Through the process of communication, leadership can be made more effective.  For this purpose, a manager must be in contact with his inferior ranked officer and appreciate and encourage their work if they are doing something well. This communication process can be carried out  through  any  of  the  medium  like  circular,  letters,  conferences,  telephone  notice, memos,  files  etc.  Vertical and horizontal type of communication network is best.  But it must be to and from all the directions.

Major skills for efficient educational manager

There are three basic levels of expertise required for educational leader:

Technical Skill 

Ability to use knowledge, methods, techniques, and equipment, necessary for the performance of specific tasks, acquired from experience, education and training. 

Human Skill
Ability  and  judgment  in  working  with  and  through  people,  including  an understanding of motivation and an application of effective leadership.

Conceptual Skill 


Ability to understand the complexities of the overall organization and where one’s own operation fits into the organization. There are five Major skills required for efficient educational manager:

There are five Major skills required for efficient educational manager:

Morale

It consists on following major values for school head in the efficient management of a school:  Commitment, Cooperation, Punctuality, Patience, Watchfulness, Integrity and Fairness.

Since of Judgment
Sense of judgment is necessary for situation requiring.  Three skills given below need to be exercised by an effective school head, Decision making, Conflict Resolution and Supervisory Skills.

Occupational Knowledge

The  skills  have  been  identified  for  a  school  head  such  as:  Current  policies,  rule, regulations,  and  financial  management  teaching  methodologies.  Institutional  planning information seeking / providing staff relations and Community involvement.

Technical Knowledge

A  school  head  should  have  a  high  proficiency  in  matters  of  financial  matters, administration, record maintenance, and leadership.

Manipulative Skills


Manipulation  taken  in  a  healthy  sense  is  a  critical  skill  involving  interplay  of skills in different residence, a sense of judgment, exercising of moral values together in a way  that  ultimately  it  is  the  individual  person  with  a  competent  professional  behaviour whom act appropriately to gradually raise his own school.